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Resolution biology · Framework · mechanism_review

**Summary** For decades inflammation was understood as a single process that simply "wore off" once the trigger was removed. Resolution was passive — what happened when nothing mo…

Resolution biology · Mediators · mechanism_review

**Summary** SPMs are bioactive lipid metabolites derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They include four families: lipoxins (from arachidonic acid), E-series resolvins (from E…

Resolution biology · Markers · mechanism_review

**Summary** The omega-3 index measures EPA + DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids in red blood cell phospholipids. It is the standardized, clinically-validated proxy for tissu…

Mucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review

**Summary** The intestinal mucus barrier is more complex than commonly described. In the colon, there are two mucin layers: an inner, dense, sterile layer firmly attached to the e…

Mucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review

**Summary** MUC2 — the dominant secreted mucin in the colon — is not protein with sugar attached. It is, by weight, mostly sugar. Up to eighty percent of the molecule's mass is it…

Mucosa · Genetic factors · mechanism_review

**Summary** The FUT2 (Secretor) gene encodes an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for expressing ABO histo-blood group antigens on gastrointestinal mucosa and in bodily secreti…

Mucosa · Adjacent systems · mechanism_review

**Summary** Conceptually one of the most important paradigm shifts in inflammation research in the past 15 years, led by Charles Serhan at Harvard. Resolution of inflammation is n…

Mucosa · Mechanisms of dysfunction · mechanism_review

"Leaky gut → sepsis" is not a one-way mechanism. It is a self-reinforcing cycle. Both leaky gut (barrier defect at intestinal surface) and gut dysbiosis are intrinsic to sepsis. W…

Mucosa · Mechanisms of dysfunction · mechanism_review

Patients with SIBO have significantly lower ileocecal pressure thresholds, prolonged small bowel transit time, and higher gastrointestinal pH compared to those without SIBO. The s…

Mucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review

Goblet cells and colonocytes run on butyrate as primary energy source. This is not incidental. Butyrate serves as a key energy substrate for goblet cells producing MUC2 and protec…

Mucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review

Akkermansia muciniphila colonizes the mucosal layer of the human gut. It is particularly effective at increasing mucus thickness and improving barrier function. A. muciniphila rest…

Mucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review

Bile acids are not just fat emulsifiers. They are signaling molecules. The intestinal epithelium prominently expresses two key bile acid receptors — farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and…

Mucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review

The small intestine has its own specialized defense system: Paneth cells at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, which produce potent antimicrobial peptides — particularly HD5 a…

Mucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review

A third barrier system, often overlooked in clinical discussion: the glycocalyx layer on the basolateral side of enterocytes, primarily based on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (espe…

Mucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review

If SCFAs fuel the goblet cells, trefoil factors are the active repair signal. These small peptides are underappreciated and directly relevant. Trefoil peptides play important role…

Mucosa · Interventions · mechanism_review

FMT has moved from experimental to standard treatment for specific indications. FMT resolution of recurrent C. difficile infection: 81–95% across academic and private settings. FM…

Mucosa · Synthesis · mechanism_review

When all of this is integrated, a pattern emerges that may match many escalating mucosal-disease pictures. **The primary lesion (hypothesis):** defective mucin glycosylation — eit…