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All published Bionoia articles. Filter by topic, evidence tier, study type, or tag.
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Evidence tier
14 articles of 156
The mucin barrier — architecture
HypothesisMucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review
**Summary**
The intestinal mucus barrier is more complex than commonly described. In the colon, there are two mucin layers: an inner, dense, sterile layer firmly attached to the e…
MUC2 glycosylation — the structural key
HypothesisMucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review
**Summary**
MUC2 — the dominant secreted mucin in the colon — is not protein with sugar attached. It is, by weight, mostly sugar. Up to eighty percent of the molecule's mass is it…
FUT2 secretor status — the testable genetic variable
HypothesisMucosa · Genetic factors · mechanism_review
**Summary**
The FUT2 (Secretor) gene encodes an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase responsible for expressing ABO histo-blood group antigens on gastrointestinal mucosa and in bodily secreti…
The sepsis-permeability feedback loop
HypothesisMucosa · Mechanisms of dysfunction · mechanism_review
"Leaky gut → sepsis" is not a one-way mechanism. It is a self-reinforcing cycle.
Both leaky gut (barrier defect at intestinal surface) and gut dysbiosis are intrinsic to sepsis. W…
Ileocecal vulnerability
HypothesisMucosa · Mechanisms of dysfunction · mechanism_review
Patients with SIBO have significantly lower ileocecal pressure thresholds, prolonged small bowel transit time, and higher gastrointestinal pH compared to those without SIBO.
The s…
Butyrate and SCFAs — the central fuel
HypothesisMucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review
Goblet cells and colonocytes run on butyrate as primary energy source. This is not incidental.
Butyrate serves as a key energy substrate for goblet cells producing MUC2 and protec…
Akkermansia muciniphila and the mucolytic balance
HypothesisMucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review
Akkermansia muciniphila colonizes the mucosal layer of the human gut. It is particularly effective at increasing mucus thickness and improving barrier function. A. muciniphila rest…
Bile acids as signaling molecules — FXR and TGR5
HypothesisMucosa · Microbiome interface · mechanism_review
Bile acids are not just fat emulsifiers. They are signaling molecules.
The intestinal epithelium prominently expresses two key bile acid receptors — farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and…
Paneth cells and α-defensins (HD5, HD6)
HypothesisMucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review
The small intestine has its own specialized defense system: Paneth cells at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, which produce potent antimicrobial peptides — particularly HD5 a…
Mast cells and mucus hypersecretion (MCAS)
HypothesisMucosa · Adjacent systems · human_observational
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a differential consideration in any picture combining inflammation escalation, mucus hypersecretion, and food intolerance patterns.
Mast ce…
The vagus nerve and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
HypothesisMucosa · Adjacent systems · mixed
The vagus nerve has anti-inflammatory properties through its afferents (activating HPA) and its efferents (the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, CAP). The CAP inhibits pro-inf…
The glycocalyx and heparan sulfate / syndecan-1
HypothesisMucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review
A third barrier system, often overlooked in clinical discussion: the glycocalyx layer on the basolateral side of enterocytes, primarily based on heparan sulfate proteoglycans (espe…
Trefoil factors (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3) — the active repair system
HypothesisMucosa · Architecture · mechanism_review
If SCFAs fuel the goblet cells, trefoil factors are the active repair signal. These small peptides are underappreciated and directly relevant.
Trefoil peptides play important role…
Dietary emulsifiers and mucus barrier damage
HypothesisMucosa · Interventions · mixed
Specific food additives have surprisingly strong evidence for mucus barrier damage.
Consumption of generally-regarded-as-safe emulsifiers has increased, and is associated with inc…